Khamrigu waa cabitaan khamri ah oo sida caadiga ah laga sameeyo canabka khamiirsan.Khamiirku wuxuu cunaa sonkorta ku jirta canabka wuxuuna u beddelaa ethanol iyo carbon dioxide, taasoo sii deyneysa kulaylka habka.Noocyada kala duwan ee canabka iyo noocyada khamiirka ayaa ah arrimaha ugu waaweyn ee noocyada kala duwan ee khamriga.Kala duwanaanshahan ayaa ka dhashay isdhexgalka kakan ee u dhexeeya horumarinta biochemical ee canabka, falcelinta ku lug leh halsano, deegaanka sii kordhaya ee canabka (argagixisada), iyo habka wax soo saarka khamriga.Wadamo badan ayaa soo saara racfaan sharci ah oo loogu talagalay in lagu qeexo qaababka iyo tayada khamriga.Kuwani waxay caadi ahaan xaddidaan asalka juqraafiyeed iyo noocyada la oggol yahay ee canabka, iyo sidoo kale dhinacyada kale ee soosaarka khamriga.Khamriyada aan laga samayn canabka ayaa ku lug leh halsano dalagyo kale oo ay ku jiraan khamriga bariiska iyo khamriga kale ee miraha sida tubta, cherry, rummaan, currant iyo elderberry.
Raadka khamriga ee ugu horreeya waxay ka yimaadeen Georgia (c. 6000 BCE), Iran ( Faaris) (c. 5000 BCE), iyo Sicily (c. 4000 BCE).Khamrigu wuxuu gaadhay Balkans 4500 BC waxaana la cunay oo lagu dabaaldegay Giriiggii hore, Thrace iyo Rome.Taariikhda oo dhan, khamriga waxaa loo isticmaalay saameyntiisa maandooriyaha.
Caddaynta hore ee qadiimiga ah iyo qadiimiga ah ee khamriga canabka iyo viniculture, oo u dhaxaysa 6000-5800 BC ayaa laga helay dhulka Georgia casriga ah.Caddaymaha qadiimiga ah iyo hidde-raaca labadaba waxay soo jeedinayaan in wax soo saarka ugu horreeya ee khamriga meel kale uu ahaa mid ka dib, laga yaabo inuu ka dhacay Koonfurta Caucasus (oo ka kooban Armenia, Georgia iyo Azerbaijan), ama gobolka Galbeedka Aasiya ee u dhexeeya Bariga Turkiga, iyo waqooyiga Iran.Khamriga ugu horreeya ee la yaqaan laga bilaabo 4100 BCE waa winery Areni-1 ee Armenia.
Inkasta oo aanay khamri ahayn, caddaynta ugu horreysa ee canabka iyo bariiska cabitaannada khamiirka ku salaysan ee isku qasan ayaa laga helay Shiinaha hore (c. 7000 BCE).
Faahfaahinta gargaarka jaranjarada bari ee Apadana, Persepolis, oo muujinaya Armenian u keenaya amphora, malaha khamri, boqorka
Warbixin ay soo saareen khubarada qadiimiga qadiimiga ah ee 2003 ayaa tilmaamaysa suurtagalnimada in canabka lagu qaso bariiska si ay u soo saaraan cabitaanno khamiir leh oo la isku daray Shiinaha qadiimka ah sannadihii ugu horreeyay ee qarnigii toddobaad ee BCE.Dhalooyinka dhoobada ah ee laga helo goobta Neolithic ee Jiahu, Henan, waxaa ku jira raadadka tartaric acid iyo xeryahooda kale ee organic sida caadiga ah laga helo khamriga.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, miraha kale ee asalka u ah gobolka, sida hawthorn, lama saari karo.Haddii cabitaanadan, oo u muuqda inay yihiin horudhacyada khamriga bariiska, oo ay ku jiraan canab halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen miraha kale, waxay noqon lahaayeen mid ka mid ah dhowr iyo toban nooc oo duurjoogta ah ee Shiinaha, halkii Vitis vinifera, oo la soo bandhigay 6000 sano ka dib.
Faafinta dhaqanka khamriga ee galbeedka waxay u badan tahay inay sabab u tahay Fenishiyaanka oo ku faafay bannaanka saldhigyada magaalooyinka ee xeebta Mediterranean ee udub dhexaad u ah Lubnaan casriga ah (iyo sidoo kale qaybo yaryar oo Israa'iil ah / Falastiin iyo Suuriya xeebta);[37 ] si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhaqanka Nuragic ee Sardinia horay u lahaa caado ah isticmaalka khamriga ka hor imaatinka Finisiyaanka.Khamriga Byblos waxaa loo dhoofin jiray Masar inta lagu guda jiro Boqortooyadii Hore iyo ka dibna dhammaan badda Mediterranean-ka.Caddaynta tan waxaa ka mid ah laba markab oo Fiiniisiya ah oo burburay 750 BCE, laga helay alaabtoodii khamriga oo weli jirta, kuwaas oo uu ogaaday Robert Ballard Sida ganacsatada waaweyn ee ugu horreeya ee khamriga (Cheem), Fenisiyaanka waxay u muuqdaan inay ka ilaalinayaan oksaydhka lakabka saliid saytuun ah, oo ay ku xigto shaabad geedo ah iyo resin, oo la mid ah retina.
Hadhaaga ugu horreeya ee Apadana Palace ee Persepolis oo ku saabsan 515 BCE waxaa ka mid ah sawirada askarta Achaemenid Empire kuwaas oo u keenaya hadiyado boqorka Achaemenid, oo ay ka mid yihiin Armenian keena khamrigooda caanka ah.
Tixraacyada suugaanta ee khamriga ayaa aad ugu badan Homer (qarnigii 8-aad BC, laakiin laga yaabo inay la xiriiraan halabuuradii hore), Alkman (qarnigii 7aad BCE), iyo kuwa kale.Masar hore, lix ka mid ah 36 amphoras khamri ah ayaa laga helay qabriga King Tutankhamun oo wata magaca "Kha'y", oo ah madaxa boqorka vintner.Shan ka mid ah amphoras waxaa loo qoondeeyay inay ka soo jeedaan hantida gaarka ah ee boqorka, iyadoo ta lixaad ay ka timid hantida guriga boqortooyada ee Aten.Raad khamri ah ayaa sidoo kale laga helay bartamaha Aasiya Xinjiang ee Shiinaha maanta casriga ah, laga bilaabo sannadihii labaad iyo kii hore ee BCE.
Cadaadiska khamriga goosashada ka dib;Tacuinum Sanitatis, qarnigii 14aad
Markii ugu horreysay ee la sheego khamriga ku salaysan canabka ee Hindiya waxay ka timid qoraalladii qarnigii 4-aad ee BCE ee Chanakya, oo ah wasiirka ugu sarreeya ee Emperor Chandragupta Maurya.Qoraalladiisa, Chanakya waxa uu dhaleeceeyay isticmaalka khamriga isaga oo taariikhda ka dhigaya boqorka iyo maxkamaddiisa inta badan ee ku lug leh qaabka khamriga loo yaqaan madhu.
Roomaaniyiintii hore waxay beero canab ah ku beerteen meel u dhow magaalooyinka garrison si khamriga loo soo saaro gudaha halkii laga rari lahaa masaafo dheer.Qaar ka mid ah meelahaas ayaa hadda adduunka caan ku ah soo saarista khamriga.Roomaanku waxay ogaadeen in shumac baaruud ah oo gubanaya weelasha khamriga ee maran ay ka dhigayaan kuwo cusub oo aan lahayn ur khal.Qarniyadii dhexe ee Yurub, Kaniisadda Katooliga Roomaanka waxay taageertay khamriga sababtoo ah wadaadadu waxay u baahdeen khamriga Mass. Monks ee Faransiiska waxay sameeyeen khamri sanado badan, iyagoo ku da'da godadka.Cunto Ingiriisi hore oo ka badbaaday noocyo kala duwan ilaa qarnigii 19aad waxay ku baaqaysaa in la nadiifiyo khamriga cad ee bastard-khamri ama khamri bastardo wasakhaysan.
Later, farcankii khamriga karaamada ayaa lagu sifeeyay dhadhan macaan badan.Tani waxay soo saartay viticulture casriga ah ee khamriga Faransiiska, khamriga Talyaaniga, khamriga Isbaanishka, iyo caadooyinka canabka khamriga waxaa la keenay khamriga Adduunka Cusub.Tusaale ahaan, canabka Mission waxaa keenay ra'yiga Franciscan New Mexico 1628-kii laga bilaabo dhaxalka khamriga New Mexico, canabkan ayaa sidoo kale la keenay California kuwaas oo bilaabay warshadaha khamriga California.Thanks to dhaqanka khamriga Isbaanishka, labadan gobol ayaa ugu dambeyntii u xuubsiibtey soosaarayaasha ugu da'da weyn uguna weyn, siday u kala horreeyaan, khamriga Mareykanka.Sagaasha Viking waxay hore u sheegtay dhul fantastik ah oo ay ka buuxaan canab duurjoog ah iyo khamri tayo sare leh oo la yiraahdo Vinland.[51]Kahor intaanay Isbaanishku samayn caadooyinkooda canabka khamriga ee Maraykanka ee California iyo New Mexico, labadaba Faransiiska iyo Ingiriiska waxay isku dayeen inay ku guulaystaan inay sameeyaan geed canab ah Florida iyo Virginia siday u kala horreeyaan.
Waqtiga boostada: Agoosto-04-2022